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coal-producing countries

  • 1 -producing

    [-prə'djuːsɪŋ]
    adj suf
    erzeugend, produzierend

    oil-producing country — Öl erzeugendes or produzierendes Land, Ölland nt

    English-german dictionary > -producing

  • 2 Wolf, Carl

    [br]
    b. 23 December 1838 Zwickau, Saxony, Germany
    d. 30 January 1915 Zwickau, Saxony, Germany
    [br]
    German inventor of the most popular petroleum spirit safety lamp for use in mines.
    [br]
    From an old mining family in the Saxon coalfields, Wolf was aware from his youth of the urgent demand for a miner's lamp which would provide adequate light but not provoke firedamp explosions. While working as an engineer in Zwickau, Wolf spent his spare time conducting experiments for such a lamp. The basic concept of his invention was the principle that dangerous concentrations of methane and air would not explode within a small pipe; this had been established almost seventy years earlier by the English chemist Humphrey Davy. By combining and developing certain devices designed by earlier inventors, in 1883 Wolf produced a prototype with a glass cylinder, a primer fixed inside the lamp and a magnetic lock. Until the successful application of electric light, Wolfs invention was the safest and most popular mining safety lamp. Many earlier inventions had failed to address all the problems of lighting for mines; Davy's lamp, for example, would too quickly become sooty and hot. As Wolfs lamp burned petroleum spirit, at first it was mistrusted outside Saxony, but it successfully passed the safety tests in all the leading coal-producing countries at that time. As well as casting a safe, constant light, the appearance of the cap flame could indicate the concentration of fire-damp in the air, thus providing an additional safety measure. Wolfs first patent was soon followed by many others in several countries, and underwent many developments. In 1884 Heinrich Friemann, a merchant from Eisleben, invested capital in the new company of Friemann and Wolf, which became the leading producer of miners' safety lamps. By 1914 they had manufactured over one million lamps, and the company had branches in major mining districts worldwide.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    F.Schwarz, 1914, Entwickelung und gegenwär-tiger Stand der Grubenbeleuchtung beim Steinkohlen-Bergbau, Gelsenkirchen (a systematic historical outline of safety lamp designs).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Wolf, Carl

  • 3 produce

    1. prə'dju:s verb
    1) (to bring out: She produced a letter from her pocket.) sacar, extraer
    2) (to give birth to: A cow produces one or two calves a year.) tener, dar a luz
    3) (to cause: His joke produced a shriek of laughter from the children.) provocar, producir
    4) (to make or manufacture: The factory produces furniture.) producir, fabricar
    5) (to give or yield: The country produces enough food for the population.) producir
    6) (to arrange and prepare (a theatre performance, film, television programme etc): The play was produced by Henry Dobson.) poner en escena (teatro); producir

    2. 'prodju:s noun
    (something that is produced, especially crops, eggs, milk etc from farms: agricultural/farm produce.) productos (agrícolas)
    - product
    - production
    - productive
    - productivity
    produce1 n productos
    produce2 vb
    1. producir / fabricar
    2. producir / dar
    3. producir / poner en escena
    4. sacar / enseñar
    tr[ (vb) prə'djʊːs; (n) 'prɒdjʊːs]
    1 (gen) producir; (manufacture) producir, fabricar
    3 (show) enseñar, presentar; (bring out) sacar
    4 (cause) producir, causar
    5 (film) producir; (play) poner en escena, dirigir; (tv programme) realizar
    produce [prə'du:s, -'dju:s] vt, - duced ; - ducing
    1) exhibit: presentar, mostrar
    2) yield: producir
    3) cause: producir, causar
    4) create: producir
    to produce a poem: escribir un poema
    5) : poner en escena (una obra de teatro), producir (una película)
    produce ['prɑ.du:s, 'pro:-, -.dju:s] n
    : productos mpl agrícolas
    n.
    • producción s.f.
    • producto s.m.
    v.
    • fabricar v.
    • hacer v.
    (§pres: hago, haces...) pret: hic-
    pp: hecho
    fut/c: har-•)
    • ocasionar v.
    • presentar v.
    • procurar v.
    • producir v.
    (§pres: produzco, produces...) pret: produj-•)
    • rendir v.
    • rentar v.
    • sacar v.
    • surtir v.

    I prə'duːs, prə'djuːs
    1)
    a) (manufacture, yield) \<\<cars/cloth\>\> producir*, fabricar*; \<\<coal/grain/beef\>\> producir*; \<\<fruit\>\> \<\<country/region\>\> producir*; \<\<tree/bush\>\> dar*, producir*
    b) (create, give) \<\<energy/sound\>\> producir*; \<\<interest\>\> producir*, dar*, devengar*

    a university which has produced many great scientists — una universidad que ha dado or de donde han salido muchos grandes científicos

    c) ( cause) \<\<joy/reaction\>\> producir*, causar; \<\<effect\>\> surtir, producir*
    d) ( give birth to) \<\<young\>\> tener*
    2) (show, bring out) \<\<ticket/document\>\> presentar; \<\<evidence/proof\>\> presentar, aportar; \<\<gun/knife\>\> sacar*
    3)
    a) (Cin, TV) producir*, realizar*; ( Theat) \<\<play\>\> poner* en escena; \<\<show\>\> montar, poner* en escena
    b) (Rad, Theat) ( direct) dirigir*

    II 'prɑːduːs, 'prɒdjuːs
    mass noun productos mpl (alimenticios)
    1. [prǝ'djuːs]
    VT
    1) (=yield) [+ coal, crop, electricity, sound] producir; [+ milk] [farm] producir; [cow] dar; [+ interest] rendir, producir; [+ profit, benefits] producir, reportar

    oil-producing countries — países mpl productores de petróleo

    2) (=manufacture) [+ cars, weapons, drugs] fabricar, producir
    3) (=create) [+ novel] escribir; [+ magazine] publicar; [+ musical work] componer
    4) (=give birth to) [+ offspring] [animal] parir; [woman] tener, dar a luz a; [parents] tener
    5) (=bring out, supply) [+ gift, handkerchief, gun] sacar; [+ ticket, documents, evidence, proof] presentar; [+ argument] dar, presentar; [+ witness] nombrar; [+ meal] preparar
    6) (Cine, Theat) [+ film, play, show] producir; (TV, Rad) realizar; (Publishing) [+ magazine] publicar; (Mus) [+ record] producir
    7) (=cause) [+ symptoms] producir, causar; [+ response] provocar, producir

    it produced a sensation of drowsiness — producía or causaba una sensación de somnolencia

    by combining the two kinds of paint you can produce some interesting effects — combinando las dos clases de pintura puedes conseguir efectos interesantes

    you may find that just threatening this course of action will produce the desired effect — puedes encontrarte con que amenazar este procedimiento producirá el efecto deseado

    8) (Geom) [+ line, plane] prolongar
    2. [prǝ'djuːs]
    VI
    1) [mine, oil well, factory] producir; [land, tree] dar fruto(s); [cow] dar leche; [person] rendir
    2) (Theat, Cine) producir; (TV, Rad) realizar
    3.
    ['prɒdjuːs]
    N (Agr) productos mpl agrícolas, productos mpl del campo

    produce of Turkey — producto m de Turquía

    produce of more than one country — producto m elaborado en varios países

    dairy 2., farm 4.
    4.
    ['prɒdjuːs]
    CPD

    produce counter N — (US) mostrador m de verdura

    produce store N — (US) verdulería f

    * * *

    I [prə'duːs, prə'djuːs]
    1)
    a) (manufacture, yield) \<\<cars/cloth\>\> producir*, fabricar*; \<\<coal/grain/beef\>\> producir*; \<\<fruit\>\> \<\<country/region\>\> producir*; \<\<tree/bush\>\> dar*, producir*
    b) (create, give) \<\<energy/sound\>\> producir*; \<\<interest\>\> producir*, dar*, devengar*

    a university which has produced many great scientists — una universidad que ha dado or de donde han salido muchos grandes científicos

    c) ( cause) \<\<joy/reaction\>\> producir*, causar; \<\<effect\>\> surtir, producir*
    d) ( give birth to) \<\<young\>\> tener*
    2) (show, bring out) \<\<ticket/document\>\> presentar; \<\<evidence/proof\>\> presentar, aportar; \<\<gun/knife\>\> sacar*
    3)
    a) (Cin, TV) producir*, realizar*; ( Theat) \<\<play\>\> poner* en escena; \<\<show\>\> montar, poner* en escena
    b) (Rad, Theat) ( direct) dirigir*

    II ['prɑːduːs, 'prɒdjuːs]
    mass noun productos mpl (alimenticios)

    English-spanish dictionary > produce

  • 4 producteur

    producteur, -trice [pʀɔdyktœʀ, tʀis]
    1. adjective
    2. masculine noun, feminine noun
    * * *

    1.
    - trice pʀɔdyktœʀ, tʀis adjectif

    région productrice de thé/café — tea-/coffee-growing area


    2.
    nom masculin, féminin
    1) Économie (de matériel, pétrole, d'objet) producer; (de café, coton) grower, producer
    2) Cinéma, Télévision ( personne) producer; ( société) production company
    * * *
    pʀɔdyktœʀ, tʀis (-trice)
    1. adj
    2. nm/f
    * * *
    A adj une région productrice de thé/café tea-/coffee-growing area; un pays producteur de viande a meat-producing country; pays producteur de pétrole/charbon oil-/coal-producing country.
    B nm,f
    1 Écon (de matériel, pétrole, d'objet, énergie) producer; (de plante, céréale, café, coton) grower, producer; ce pays est un producteur agricole this country is an agricultural producer; du producteur au consommateur from the producer to the consumer;
    2 ⇒ Les métiers et les professions Cin, TV ( personne) producer; ( société) production company; un producteur de radio/télévision a radio/television producer; un producteur réalisateur a producer and director.
    ( féminin productrice) [prɔdyktɶr, tris] adjectif
    ————————
    , productrice [prɔdyktɶr, tris] nom masculin, nom féminin
    CINÉMA & RADIO & THÉÂTRE & TÉLÉVISION [personne] producer
    [société] production company
    ————————
    nom masculin
    AGRICULTURE & ÉCONOMIE producer

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > producteur

  • 5 ♦ supply

    ♦ supply /səˈplaɪ/
    n.
    1 [uc] approvvigionamento; fornitura; rifornimento; ( della luce, del gas, ecc.) erogazione: Some oil-producing countries threatened to stop their supplies, alcuni paesi produttori di petrolio hanno minacciato di bloccare le forniture
    2 provvista; scorta; riserva: an inexhaustible supply of coal, una riserva inesauribile di carbone; a large supply ( large supplies) of goods, un'ampia provvista di merci; a plentiful supply, abbondanti provviste; Food supplies were running short, le scorte di cibo si stavano esaurendo
    3 [u] (econ.) offerta: the law of supply and demand, la legge della domanda e dell'offerta; aggregate supply, offerta aggregata; Good teachers are in short supply, c'è scarsità di bravi insegnanti
    4 (spesso al pl.) (fin., polit.) stanziamento
    5 (pl.) provviste; viveri
    6 (pl.) (mil.) rifornimenti; viveri
    7 sostituto; supplente (spec. insegnante)
    8 [u] (elettr.) alimentazione
    ● (market.) supply chain, supply chain; catena logistica □ (econ.) supply conditions, la situazione dell'offerta □ supply contract, contratto di fornitura □ (econ.) supply curve, curva dell'offerta □ supply department, ufficio approvvigionamenti; (mil.) sussistenza □ (mil.) supply dump, deposito □ (mil.) supply line = supply route ► sotto □ (comm.) supply on hand, scorta di magazzino □ supply price, (econ.) prezzo di offerta; (market.) prezzo di fornitura □ (mil.) supply routes, linee di rifornimento □ supply-side economics, economia dell'offerta □ supply sources, fonti d'approvvigionamento □ supply station, centrale elettrica □ supply teacher, (insegnante) supplente □ (elettr.) supply voltage, tensione d'alimentazione □ to lay in a supply of, far provvista di; approvvigionarsi di □ (bur.: d'impiegato e sim.) to be on supply, supplire □ (econ.) Raw materials are in short supply, le materie prime scarseggiano.
    ♦ (to) supply /səˈplaɪ/
    A v. t.
    1 approvvigionare; fornire; provvedere; rifornire: We can supply you with the goods you require, possiamo fornirvi la merce che vi occorre; to supply all the materials needed, provvedere tutto il materiale necessario
    2 provvedere a; soddisfare; compensare: to supply a need, soddisfare un bisogno; to supply a loss, compensare una perdita
    3 completare; colmare; occupare: to supply a deficiency, colmare una deficienza; to supply a vacancy, occupare un posto vacante
    4 erogare: to supply gas, erogare il gas
    B v. i.
    ● (comm.) to supply an order, evadere un ordinativo □ to supply sb. with funds, rifornire q. di fondi; finanziare q. □ to be well supplied with food, essere ben provvisto di viveri.

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ supply

  • 6 Rammler, Erich

    [br]
    b. 9 July 1901 Tirpersdorf, near Oelsnitz, Germany
    d. 6 November 1986 Freiberg, Saxony, Germany
    [br]
    German mining engineer, developer of metallurgic coke from lignite.
    [br]
    A scholar of the Mining Academy in Freiberg, who in his dissertation dealt with the fineness of coal dust, Rammler started experiments in 1925 relating to firing this material. In the USA this process, based on coal, had turned out to be very effective in large boiler furnaces. Rammler endeavoured to apply the process to lignite and pursued general research work on various thermochemical problems as well as methods of grinding and classifying. As producing power from lignite was of specific interest for the young Soviet Union, with its large demand from its new power stations and its as-yet unexploited lignite deposits, he soon came into contact with the Soviet authorities. In his laboratory in Dresden, which he had bought from the freelance metallurgist Paul Otto Rosin after his emigration and under whom he had been working since he left the Academy, he continued his studies in refining coal and soon gained an international reputation. He opened up means of producing coke from lignite for use in metallurgical processes.
    His later work was of utmost importance after the Second World War when several countries in Eastern Europe, especially East Germany with its large lignite deposits, established their own iron and steel industries. Accordingly, the Soviet administration supported his experiments vigorously after he joined Karl Kegel's Institute for Briquetting in Freiberg in 1945. Through his numerous books and articles, he became the internationally leading expert on refining lignite and Kegel's successor as head of the Institute and Professor at the Bergakademie. Six years later, he produced for the first time high-temperature coke from lignite low in ash and sulphur for smelting in low-shaft furnaces. Rammler was widely honoured and contributed decisively to the industrial development of his country; he demonstrated new technological processes when, under austere conditions, economical and ecological considerations were neglected.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Rammler, whose list of publications comprises more than 600 titles on various matters of his main scientific concern, also was the co-author (with E.Wächtler) of two articles on the development of briquetting brown coal in Germany, both published in 1985, Freiberger Forschungshefte, D 163 and D 169, Leipzig.
    Further Reading
    E.Wächtler, W.Mühlfriedel and W.Michel, 1976, Erich Rammler, Leipzig, (substantial biography, although packed with communist propaganda).
    M.Rasch, 1989, "Paul Rosin—Ingenieur, Hochschullehrer und Rationalisierungsfachmann". Technikgeschichte 56:101–32 (describes the framework within which Rammler's primary research developed).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Rammler, Erich

  • 7 Bergius, Friedrich Carl Rudolf

    [br]
    b. 11 October 1884 Goldschmieden, near Breslau, Germany
    d. 31 March Buenos Aires, Argentina
    [br]
    [br]
    After studying chemistry in Breslau and Leipzig and assisting inter alia at the institute of Fritz Haber in Karlsruhe on the catalysis of ammonia under high pressure, in 1909 he went to Hannover to pursue his idea of turning coal into liquid hydrocarbon under high hydrogen pressure (200 atm) and high temperatures (470° C). As experiments with high pressure in chemical processes were still in their initial stages and the Technical University could not support him sufficiently, he set up a private laboratory to develop the methods and to construct the equipment himself. Four years later, in 1913, his process for producing liquid or organic compounds from coal was patented.
    The economic aspects of this process were apparent as the demand for fuels and lubricants increased more rapidly than the production of oil, and Bergius's process became even more important after the outbreak of the First World War. The Th. Goldschmidt company of Essen contracted him and tried large-scale production near Mannheim in 1914, but production failed because of the lack of capital and experience to operate with high pressure on an industrial level. Both capital and experience were provided jointly by the BASF company, which produced ammonia at Merseburg, and IG Farben, which took over the Bergius process in 1925, the same year that the synthesis of hydrocarbon had been developed by Fischer-Tropsch. Two years later, at the Leuna works, almost 100,000 tonnes of oil were produced from coal; during the following years, several more hydrogenation plants were to follow, especially in the eastern parts of Germany as well as in the Ruhr area, while the government guaranteed the costs. The Bergius process was extremely important for the supply of fuels to Germany during the Second World War, with the monthly production rate in 1943–4 being more than 700,000 tonnes. However, the plants were mostly destroyed at. the end of the war and were later dismantled.
    As a consequence of this success Bergius, who had gained an international reputation, went abroad to work as a consultant to several foreign governments. Experiments aiming to reduce the costs of production are still continued in some countries. By 1925, after he had solved all the principles of his process, he had turned to the production of dextrose by hydrolyzing wood with highly concentrated hydrochloric acid.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize 1931. Honorary doctorates, Heidelberg, Harvard and Hannover.
    Bibliography
    1907, "Über absolute Schwefelsäure als Lösungsmittel", unpublished thesis, Weida. 1913, Die Anwendung hoher Drucke bei chemischen Vorgängen und eine Nachbildung
    des Entstehungsprozesses der Steinkohle, Halle. 1913, DRP no. 301, 231 (coal-liquefaction process).
    1925, "Verflüssigung der Kohle", Zeitschrift des Vereins Deutscher Ingenieure, 69:1313–20, 1359–62.
    1933, "Chemische Reaktionen unter hohem Druck", Les Prix Nobel en 1931, Stockholm, pp. 1–37.
    Further Reading
    Deutsches Bergbau-Museum, 1985, Friedrich Bergius und die Kohleverflüssigung. Stationen einer Entwicklung, Bochum (gives a comprehensive and illustrated description of the man and the technology).
    H.Beck, 1982, Friedrich Bergius, ein Erfinderschicksal, Munich: Deutsches Museum (a detailed biographical description).
    W.Birkendfeld, 1964, Der synthetische Treibstoff 1933–1945. Ein Beitragzur nationalsozialistischen Wirtschafts-und Rüstungspolitik, Göttingen, Berlin and Frankfurt (describes the economic value of synthetic fuels for the Third Reich).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Bergius, Friedrich Carl Rudolf

  • 8 Raky, Anton

    [br]
    b. 5 January 1868 Seelenberg, Taunus, Germany
    d. 22 August 1943 Berlin, Germany
    [br]
    German inventor of rapid percussion drilling, entrepreneur in the exploration business.
    [br]
    While apprenticed at the drilling company of E. Przibilla, Raky already called attention by his reflections towards developing drilling methods and improving tools. Working as a drilling engineer in Alsace, he was extraordinarily successful in applying an entire new hydraulic boring system in which the rod was directly connected to the chisel. This apparatus, driven by steam, allowed extremely rapid percussions with very low lift.
    With some improvements, his boring rig drilled deep holes at high speed and at least doubled the efficiency of the methods hitherto used. His machine, which was also more reliable, was secured by a patent in 1895. With borrowed capital, he founded the Internationale Bohrgesellschaft in Strasbourg in the same year, and he began a career in the international exploration business that was unequalled as well as breathtaking. Until 1907 the total depth of the drillings carried out by the company was 1,000 km.
    Raky's rapid drilling was unrivalled and predominant until improved rotary drilling took over. His commercial sense in exploiting the technical advantages of his invention by combining drilling with producing the devices in his own factory at Erkelenz, which later became the headquarters of the company, and in speculating on the concessions for the explored deposits made him by far superior to all of his competitors, who were provoked into contests which they generally lost. His flourishing company carried out drilling in many parts of the world; he became the initiator of the Romanian oil industry and his extraordinary activities in exploring potash and coal deposits in different parts of Germany, especially in the Ruhr district, provoked the government in 1905 into stopping granting claims to private companies. Two years later, he was forced to withdraw from his holding company because of his restless and eccentric character. He turned to Russia and, during the First World War, he was responsible for the reconstruction of the destroyed Romanian oilfields. Thereafter, partly financed by mining companies, he continued explorations in several European countries, and in Germany he was pioneering again with exploring oilfields, iron ore and lignite deposits which later grew in economic value. Similar to Glenck a generation before, he was a daring entrepreneur who took many risks and opened new avenues of exploration, and he was constantly having to cope with a weak financial position, selling concessions and shares, most of them to Preussag and Wintershall; however, this could not prevent his business from collapse in 1932. He finally gave up drilling in 1936 and died a poor man.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Dr-Ing. (Hon.) Bergakademie Clausthal 1921.
    Further Reading
    G.P.R.Martin, 1967, "Hundert Jahre Anton Raky", Erdöl-Erdgas-Zeitschrift, 83:416–24 (a detailed description).
    D.Hoffmann, 1959, 150 Jahre Tiefbohrungen in Deutschland, Vienna and Hamburg: 32– 4 (an evaluation of his technologial developments).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Raky, Anton

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